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Hermann Georg Scheffauer
Herman George Scheffauer (born February 3, 1878 in San Francisco, US; died October 7, 1927 in Berlin), was a German-American poet, architect, writer, dramatist and translator.
== Life and work ==
So far, little is known about Scheffauer's youth, education and early adult years in America. His father was Johann Georg Scheffauer, a cabinet maker from Bavaria (probably Augsburg) who had immigrated to America in 1868, his mother was Maria Theresa Scheffauer (née Eisele).〔Who's Who in America: a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States. 1908–1909.〕 It is unclear if and how he was related to the sculptor Philipp Jacob Scheffauer (1756–1808)〔"Scheffauer, Philipp Jacob" in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 30 (1890), S. 672–676 (); URL: http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117185191.html?anchor=adb〕 the young school-friend of the poet Friedrich Schiller, as he later claimed. His brother, Frederick Carl Scheffauer, the civil engineer, was born the same year in San Francisco.〔The National Cyclopædia of American Biography,Vol.57, p.611.〕 Educated in public and private schools, he also attended a Roman Catholic Sunday school in San Francisco (probably St. Boniface Church-Franciscans) where services were conducted in German, later writing about the role of the nuns and a certain Father Gerhard instilling into the youth terrifying and hellish religious imagery.〔Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken. Ein Buch der Verehrung und Dankbarkeit (1914)〕 He went through a youthful period, shared, he believed by many young men of the time, of a combination of "idealistic fanaticism mixed with Byronic romanticism." He studied art, painting and architecture at the Arts School of the University of California (The Mark Hopkins Institute〔http://www.sfmuseum.net/1906.2/hopkins.html〕) it was also claimed he began his career as an amateur printer and also that he worked as a water colourist in an architectural capacity. He was aware that “Ingersoll was in the air", a reference to Robert G. Ingersoll the American freethinker and agnostic, and Scheffauer admitted that at first he looked upon Ingersoll and his followers (which of course included Walt Whitman) as "enemies", and he read the ''The Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality'' (1742) by the English poet Edward Young to compensate. However, he soon departed from this religiosity and said that the following authors came to his aid in California and gave him "light and breathing space", namely works by Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley, Arthur Schopenhauer, Herbert Spencer, Ludwig Feuerbach and Ludwig Büchner. Probably the greatest influence on his thinking, in the sense of a clearer scientific 'world view', was a chance encounter with Ernst Haeckel's 'Die Welträtsel' ( world riddle) in the F. W. Barkhouse bookshop, 213 Kearney Street, San Francisco, where he discovered the massively popular book ''The Riddle of the Universe at the close of the nineteenth century'' (1901).〔online edition https://archive.org/details/riddleoftheunive034957mbp〕 He bought a copy and read half of it the same evening and the rest in his architect bureau the following day. He later described himself as a monist poet and claimed that together with Sterling they represented "a new school of poetry" in California, developing “a poetry that seeks to unify poetry with science”. Together with Sterling he also read Nietzsche enthusiastically.
His friendship with the poet George Sterling had began around February 1903, and it brought with it a whole circle of friends including Jack London, Dr. C. W. Doyle,〔Dr. Charles William Doyle (1852–1903)〕 Herman Whitaker, James Hopper and especially other members of the Bohemian Club who regularly met at the Bohemian Grove amidst the magnificent red oaks in Sonoma County, California.
Scheffauer gave up his architectural day job and wrote poetry and short stories. He was encouraged by the journalist and short story writer and veteran of the Civil War Ambrose Bierce, who, it has been claimed,〔Edward F. O'Day, "The Poetry of San Francisco", in: ''The Lantern''. Edited by Theodore F. Bonnet and Edward F.O’Day, Vol.3. No.6, September 1917, p.176.〕 had first noticed a poem of his (The Fair Grounds) that he had entered in a literary competition in 1893 organised by the San Francisco newspaper 'The Call'. Scheffauer had used the pseudonym Jonathan Stone, and his poem was favourably compared to the American romantic poet William Cullen Bryant.〔San Francisco Call, Vol.74, Number 179, 26 November 1893.〕 He was also nicknamed "Longfellow Jnr." Scheffauer translated Goethe, read Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman and Rudyard Kipling avidly, adored W. B. Yeats and discussed with Bierce the nature of Algernon Swinburne's alliteration, and spoke of Richard Wagner as "the Master". Bierce later claimed his "idols" were George Bernard Shaw and Henrik Ibsen and fell out with him much later, irritated, as he wrote to him with "the German ichor in the lenses of your eyes", an acute and perceptive awareness from Bierce of Scheffauer's troubled state of being as a hyphenated German-American:“You think your German blood helps you to be a good American. You think it gives you lofty ideals, knowledge, and much else. The same claim could be (and is, doubtless) made for every other nationality. Each tribesman thinks his tribe the best and greatest- even the Hottentot.”〔Ambrose Bierce to Herman Scheffauer, Washington, November 11, 1903, in: A Much Misunderstood Man: Selected Letters of Ambrose Bierce. Edited by S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz (The Ohio State University Press, 2003) p.115〕〔Roy Morris, ''Ambrose Bierce. Allein in schlechter Gesellschaft. Biographie''. Haffmans Verlag, Zürich 1999, p. 347, 370.〕 After his mysterious death in 1914 Scheffauer was responsible for publishing and editing translations of collections of Bierce's short stories in Germany:''Physiognomien des Todes. Novellen von Ambrose Bierce.''(1920) and ''Der Mann und die Schlange: Phantastische Erzählungen von Ambrose Bierce.''(1922).
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